Metallic Glasses

Bulk metallic glasses are a new emerging field of materials with many desirable and unique properties. These amorphous materials have many diverse applications from structural applications to biomedical implants. This book provides a complete overview of bulk metallic glasses. It covers the principles of alloy design, glass formation, processing, atomistic modeling, computer simulations, mechanical properties and microstructures.

This book is a printed edition of the Special Issue "Metallic Glasses" that was published in Metals

The term "metallic glasses" is widely used to denote the amorphous alloys obtained by rapid quenching techniques. These materials are characterized by short range atom ordering without translational periodicity of the structure. Kinetic and thermodynamic metastability is one of the main characteristics generally related to metallic glasses, while their thermally induced microstructural transformations could result in deterioration or improvement of the functional properties. Due to their favorable magnetic, electrical, mechanical, and anti-corrosion properties, metallic glasses as new and attractive materials have found application in many areas of modern industries - electronics, construction industry, aerospace industry; as well as chemistry, biomedicine, and surgery.

Metallic glasses are very promising engineering and functional materials due to their unique mechanical, chemical, and physical properties, attracting increasing attention from both scientific and industrial communities. However, their practical applications are greatly hindered due to three main problems: dimensional limit, poor tension plasticity, and difficulty in machining and shaping. Therefore, further investigation of these issues is urgently required. This book provides readers with recent achievements and developments in the properties and processing of metallic glasses, including mainly thermoplastic forming of metallic glasses (Chapter 2), atomic-level simulation of mechanical deformation of metallic glasses (Chapter 3), metallic glass matrix composites (Chapter 4), and tribo-electrochemical applications of metallic glasses (Chapters 5 and 6).

Reflecting the fast pace of research in the field, the Second Edition of Bulk Metallic Glasses has been thoroughly updated and remains essential reading on the subject. It incorporates major advances in glass forming ability, corrosion behavior, and mechanical properties. Several of the newly proposed criteria to predict the glass-forming ability of alloys have been discussed. All other areas covered in this book have been updated, with special emphasis on topics where significant advances have occurred. These include processing of hierarchical surface structures and synthesis of nanophase composites using the chemical behavior of bulk metallic glasses and the development of novel bulk metallic glasses with high-strength and high-ductility and superelastic behavior. New topics such as high-entropy bulk metallic glasses, nanoporous alloys, novel nanocrystalline alloys, and soft magnetic glassy alloys with high saturation magnetization have also been discussed. Novel applications, such as metallic glassy screw bolts, surface coatings, hyperthermia glasses, ultra-thin mirrors and pressure sensors, mobile phone casing, and degradable biomedical materials, are described. Authored by the world’s foremost experts on bulk metallic glasses, this new edition endures as an indispensable reference and continues to be a one-stop resource on all aspects of bulk metallic glasses.

Metallic Glasses and Their Oxidation provides a comprehensive review of the structures, properties, preparations, processing and applications of metallic glasses. Special attention is paid to the oxidation behaviors and related mechanisms of metallic glasses that occur during their preparation, processing and application. The book's authors introduce basic knowledge of metallic glasses, including their structures, properties, processing techniques and applications. Then, the theories and techniques commonly used in oxidation investigation are highlighted, including thermal oxidation, native oxidation, stressed oxidation, powder oxidation and oxidation simulation. The book closes with the influence of oxidation on the structures and performances of metallic glasses, proposes measures to control oxidation, and discusses how to take advantage of oxidation to reinforce materials or create new materials. Introduces the latest knowledge on the structures, properties, preparation, processing and application of metallic glasses Reviews the fundamental concepts surrounding metal oxidation, including techniques, devices and methods frequently used in oxidation research Discusses measures to control oxidation and the possibilities of using oxidation to reinforce metallic glasses or create new types of materials

The book provides a comprehensive state-of-the-art review on the topic of bulk metallic glass matrix composites and understanding of mechanisms of development of composite microstructure. It discusses mechanisms of formation and toughening both during conventional casting routes and additive manufacturing. The second edition encompasses new studies and highlights advancement in mechanical properties, characterization, processing and applications.

Metallic glasses are multi-component metallic alloys with disordered atomic distribution unlike their crystalline counterparts with long range periodicity in arrangement of atoms. Metallic glasses of different compositions are being commercially used in bulk form and as coatings because of their excellent corrosion resistance. This book was written with the objective of providing a comprehensive understanding of the electrochemical and corrosion behavior of metallic glasses for a wide range of compositions. Corrosion in structural materials leads to rapid deterioration in the performance of critical components and serious economic implications including property damage and loss in human life. Discovery and development of metallic alloys with enhanced corrosion resistance will have a sizable impact in a number of areas including manufacturing, aerospace, oil and gas, nuclear industry, and load-bearing bioimplants. The corrosion resistance of many metallic glass systems is superior compared to conventionally used alloys in different environments. In this book, we discuss in detail the role of chemistry, processing conditions, environment, and surface state on the corrosion behavior of metallic glasses and compare their performance with conventional alloys. Several of these alloy systems consist of all biocompatible and non-allergenic elements making them attractive for bioimplants, stents, and surgical tools. To that end, critical insights are provided on the bio-corrosion response of some metallic glasses in simulated physiological environment.

The Special Issue “Recent Advancements in Metallic Glasses” presents ten original papers, considering both scientific and application issues related to metallic glasses. The papers are devoted to general consideration of the formation and defects of the glassy structure, defect evolution due to heat treatment, deformation behavior upon compression and high-pressure torsion, amorphous-crystalline transformation, hydrogenation behavior, and biomedical applications.

This thesis consists of an in-depth study of investigating microstructure-property relationships in bulk metallic glasses using a novel quantitative approach by which influence of the second phase features on mechanical properties can be independently and systematically analyzed. The author evaluates and optimizes the elastic and plastic deformation, as well as the overall toughness of cellular honeycombs under in-plane compression and porous heterostructures under uniaxial tension. The study reveals three major deformation zones in cellular metallic glass structures, where deformation changes from collective buckling showing non-linear elasticity to localized failure exhibiting a brittle-like deformation, and finally to global sudden failure with negligible plasticity as the length to thickness ratio of the ligaments increases. The author found that spacing and size of the pores, the pore configuration within the matrix, and the overall width of the sample determines the extent of deformation, where the optimized values are attained for pore diameter to spacing ratio of one with AB type pore stacking.

Mihai Stoica investigates in details the glass formation of two model alloys, [(Fe0.5Co0.5)0.75B0.2Si0.05]96Nb4 and Fe74Mo4P10C7.5B2.5Si2. More than 20 master alloys using different raw materials were prepared. Besides the typical calorimetry and X-Ray diffraction, magnetic measurements were employed to analyze the amorphicity degree of the sample. Two new bulk metallic glass-forming alloy compositions are designed and possible preparation routes are proposed.

Metallic glasses and their crystal/glass composites find ever more applications in such fields as mini transformers, microelectromechanical devices, pressure sensors, precision surgical instruments, biological implants and sportive goods (springs, diaphragms, membranes, knife blades, electromagnetic wave shields, optical mirrors, power inductors, Coriolis flow meters, etc.). The book reviews recent research and suggests future developments, e.g. in the area of dual-phase composite/hybrid materials. Keywords: Metallic Glasses, Crystal/Glass Composites, Dual-phase Composite/Hybrid Materials, Supercooled Liquid, Devitrification, Magnetic Materials, Microelectromechanical Devices, Pressure Sensors, Orthopedic Screws, Precision Instruments, Biological Implants, Electromagnetic Wave Shields, Optical Mirrors, Power Inductors, Coriolis Flow Meters.

An Introduction to Metallic Glasses and Amorphous Metals gives a background on the physics of materials, describing relevant experimental techniques. The book presents the necessary background in physics, thermodynamics, and the mechanics of solids, before moving on to cover elasticity, plasticity, fracture and the anelastic behavior of metallic glasses, relating these properties to chemical composition, atomic arrangement, microstructure, and methods of preparation. In addition, it compares the structure-property relationships specific to metallic glasses with polycrystalline metals and alloys and describes the properties and characteristics of metallic glasses. The general features and behavior of metallic glasses are also analyzed and summarized. The book includes full derivations of theory and equations and presents a compendium of experimental methods used in materials science to characterize and study metallic glasses and amorphous solids. The title is a comprehensive resource for any researcher interested in the materials science of metallic glasses and amorphous materials. Presents the fundamental materials science needed to understand amorphous metals, metallic glasses and alloys Details manufacturing techniques for metallic glasses Gives the mechanical properties of metallic glasses Illustrates concepts with detailed tables and graphs Contains a compendium of experimental methods for use with amorphous metals and metallic glasses

Metallic Glass-Based Nanocomposites: Molecular Dynamics Study of Properties provides readers with an overview of the most commonly used tools for MD simulation of metallic glass composites and provides all the basic steps necessary for simulating any material on Materials Studio. After reading this book, readers will be able to model their own problems on this tool for predicting the properties of metallic glass composites. This book provides an introduction to metallic glasses with definitions and classifications, provides detailed explanations of various types of composites, reinforcements and matrices, and explores the basic mechanisms of reinforcement-MG interaction during mechanical loading. It explains various models for calculating the thermal conductivity of metallic glass composites and provides examples of molecular dynamics simulations. Aimed at students and researchers, this book caters to the needs of those working in the field of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of metallic glass composites.

This handbook provides comprehensive treatment of the current state of glass science from the leading experts in the field. Opening with an enlightening contribution on the history of glass, the volume is then divided into eight parts. The first part covers fundamental properties, from the current understanding of the thermodynamics of the amorphous state, kinetics, and linear and nonlinear optical properties through colors, photosensitivity, and chemical durability. The second part provides dedicated chapters on each individual glass type, covering traditional systems like silicates and other oxide systems, as well as novel hybrid amorphous materials and spin glasses. The third part features detailed descriptions of modern characterization techniques for understanding this complex state of matter. The fourth part covers modeling, from first-principles calculations through molecular dynamics simulations, and statistical modeling. The fifth part presents a range of laboratory and industrial glass processing methods. The remaining parts cover a wide and representative range of applications areas from optics and photonics through environment, energy, architecture, and sensing. Written by the leading international experts in the field, the Springer Handbook of Glass represents an invaluable resource for graduate students through academic and industry researchers working in photonics, optoelectronics, materials science, energy, architecture, and more.

Rapidly Quenched Metals, Volume I covers the proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Rapidly Quenched Metals, held in Wurzburg, Germany on September 3-7, 1984. The book focuses on amorphous and crystalline metals formed by rapid quenching from the melt. The selection first covers the scope and trends of developments in rapid solidification technology, rapid solidification, and undercooling of liquid metals by rapid quenching. Discussions focus on experimental method, powders, strip, particulate production, consolidation, and alloys and alloy systems. The text then examines the solidification of undercooled liquid alloys entrapped in solid; crystallization kinetics in undercooled droplets; and grain refinement in bulk undercooled alloys. The manuscript tackles the undercooling of niobium-germanium alloys in a 100 meter drop tube; influence of process parameters on the cooling rate of the meltspinning process; and the mechanism of ribbon formation in melt-spun copper and copper-zirconium. The formation and structure of thick sections of rapidly-solidified material by incremental deposition and production of ultrafine dispersions of rare earth oxides in Ti alloys using rapid solidification are also mentioned. The selection is a valuable reference for physicists, chemists, physical metallurgists, and engineers.

Designed as a textbook for Materials Science course offered in undergraduate engineering programmes as well as in M.Sc. (Physics and Chemistry), the book exposes the fundamental knowledge of Crystal Structure, Crystal Defects and Bonding in Solids. The text deals with Introductory Quantum Physics, Electrical Properties of Materials, Band Theory of Solids, Semiconducting Materials and Dielectric Materials. Moreover, Properties of Superconducting Materials as well as Optical Properties of Materials and Magnetic Properties of Materials are emphasized in an explicit way. Also, well-organized presentation of topics, use of simple language, chapter-end solved problems, short and descriptive type questions together make the book effective in terms of building a solid foundation of the subject. SALIENT FEATURES • Detailed coverage of the uses of Optical Properties of Materials like CD, DVD, Blu-ray Disc and Holographic Data Storage. • Deep explanation of the synthesis and properties of Nanomaterials. • In-depth coverage of Display Devices. • Full coverage of advanced engineering materials like Shape Memory Alloys, Metallic Glasses, Non-linear Materials, and Biomaterials. • Thorough coverage of Nanoelectronics and Nanodevices. • In-depth detail of synthesis and properties of Carbon Nanotubes. • Wide coverage of characterization of materials like XRD, ESCA, SEM, TEM, STM, ESR and NMR.

This proceedings volume features 59 peer-reviewed papers from ICCCI2009 on interface characterization and control technology, powder and composite processing, joining, the control of airborne particulates, new metallic glasses, and interface phenomena at high temperature. ICCCI2009 was supported by the Global COE Program “Center of Excellence for Advanced Structural and Functional Materials Design” lead by Professor Tomoyuki Kakeshita at Osaka University, the Project on Joining Technology for New Metallic Glasses and Inorganic Materials, the Institute of Materials Research (IMR) of Tohoku University, the Materials and Structures Laboratory (MSL) of the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kobe Gakuin University, Hosokawa Powder Technology Foundation, the Japan JSPS 124th Committee, and the Joining and Welding Research Institute (JWRI) of Osaka University. Over 160 scientists and engineers from academia and industry from 18 different countries attended ICCCI2009 to see and discuss 140 invited and contributed presentations and posters on the state-of-the-art of interface characterization and control for particulate materials, joining, and nanotechnology.